Answer: war elephants, trebuchets, catapults, and the humble napalm

True answer: logistic. Phalanxes didnt actually fare bad on uneven terrain (have you ever SEEN a picture of Macedonia and Greece? No great plains, there). The Romans where just better at getting wars into enemy territory, suck up attrition, producing job efficient generals, and generally willing to put more resources in wars than everyone else. Hellenistic kingdom could win battles against Rome, and they often did, they even blocked whole expeditions. And the successive year they faced a new army, with a new general, fresh and ONE victory from their own capital. Romans were very resilient nutjobs. There is a great series of essays from the ACOUP blog about this:https://acoup.blog/2024/01/19/collections-phalanxs-twilight-legions-triumph-part-ia-heirs-of-alexander/

75% potassium nitrate, 15% charcoal, and 10% sulfur.

The actual answer was to simply outmanouver them and hit them in the flanks and rear. A phalanx is incredibly slow to turn. Also trebuchets were medieval, they were not used in antiquity, that would be torsion catapults.

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